The burgeoning field of soft bioelectronics heralds a new dawn in medical treatment for neurological and psychiatric conditions, presenting innovative methods for the stimulation, inhibition, and precise sensing of neuronal activities. Central to these advancements is the challenge of power supply; devices dependent on traditional batteries face limitations regarding miniaturization and require invasive surgeries for battery replacement. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which generate power from biomechanical movements, offer a promising solution for developing self-powered neurostimulation devices without the need for an external power supply. This review delves into recent progress in TENGs, with a focus on its application in self-powered neurostimulation systems. The utility of TENGs across various domains of the in vitro neurons and the in vivo nervous systems—including the center, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems—is explored and presented, highlighting the potential for these devices to facilitate neurological treatments. By summarizing TENGs' operational details and the potential for clinical translation, this review also identifies challenges associated with the implantation and integration of neural electrodes and presents recent advances in solutions, aiming to reshape electric treatments for neurological diseases.