Graphene has been considered an ideal reinforcement in aluminum alloys with its high Young’s modulus and fracture strength, which greatly expands the application range of aluminum alloys. However, the dispersion of graphene and the interfacial reaction between graphene and the aluminum matrix limit its application due to elevated temperature. Friction stirring processing (FSP) is regarded as a promising technique to prepare metal matrix composites at lower temperatures. In this paper, FSP was used to prepare graphene-nanoplates-reinforced aluminum composites (GNPs/Al). The corresponding effects of the process parameters and graphene content on GNPs/Al were thoroughly studied. The results showed that plastic strain, heat input, and graphene content were the key influencing factors. Large degrees of plastic strain can enhance the dispersion of graphene by increasing the number of stirring passes and the ratio of stirring to welding velocity, thereby improving the strength of GNPs/Al. Low heat input restricts the plastic flow of graphene in the matrix, whereas excessive heat input can promote interfacial reactions and lead to the formation of a more brittle phase, Al 4C 3. This is primarily associated with the stirring velocity and welding velocity. High graphene content levels can improve the material strength by refining the grain size, improving the load transfer ability, and acting as a precipitate to prevent dislocation movement. These findings make a contribution to the development of advanced aluminum alloys with graphene reinforcement, offering broader application potential in industries. Abstract Graphene has been considered an ideal reinforcement in aluminum alloys with its high Young’s modulus and fracture strength, which greatly expands the application range of aluminum alloys. However, the dispersion of graphene and the interfacial reaction between graphene and the aluminum matrix limit its application due to elevated temperature. Friction stirring processing (FSP) is regarded as a promising technique to prepare metal matrix composites at lower temperatures. In this paper, FSP was used to prepare graphene-nanoplates-reinforced aluminum composites (GNPs/Al). The corresponding effects of the process parameters and graphene content on GNPs/Al were thoroughly studied. The results showed that plastic strain, heat input, and graphene content were the key influencing factors. Large degrees of plastic strain can enhance the dispersion of graphene by increasing the number of stirring passes and the ratio of stirring to welding velocity, thereby improving the strength of GNPs/Al. Low heat input restricts the plastic flow of graphene in the matrix, whereas excessive heat input can promote interfacial reactions and lead to the formation of a more brittle phase, Al 4C 3. This is primarily associated with the stirring velocity and welding velocity. High graphene content levels can improve the material strength by refining the grain size, improving the load transfer ability, and acting as a precipitate to prevent dislocation movement. These findings make a contribution to the development of advanced aluminum alloys with graphene reinforcement, offering broader application potential in industries. Keywords: graphene; aluminum; friction stirring; interface reaction; dispersion